By: Aaron Simowitz PDF: Contracting Around Treaties International commercial treaties are normally categorized as default or mandatory, rules that private parties can contract around or cannot. This dichotomous categorization misses an important element of treaty design and interpretation. The same considerations that determine whether a treaty is default or mandatory—transaction and error costs, paternalism, and externalities—should also determine how easy or difficult it i

By: Alexis Shaw PDF: Self-Defense Without Overreach The United States has increasingly invoked Article 51 of the UN Charter to justify prolonged military engagements, particularly following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. While Article 51 was intended to safeguard states’ right to self- defense, its ambiguity has allowed states—especially the United States—to stretch self-defense claims beyond their limits, applying them to both state and non-state actors. This ex

By: Daniel Goicouria PDF: Extraterritoriality in AI International AI markets currently operate under divergent and often conflicting competition laws. This splintered approach fosters uncertainty, invites regulatory failure, and risks entrenching dominant firms at the expense of emerging innovators. This Note proposes harmonized enforcement mechanisms to safeguard fair competition and minimize extraterritorial effects on global AI platforms. Recent academic discourse has dis

By: Rosa Celorio PDF: Tides and Crossroads This Article focuses on the recent era of jurisprudence issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on women’s rights and gender equality issues. It discusses the recent tide of the court towards matters concerning women and gender equality, which has led to critical transformations in the carving of regional human rights legal standards. The court has capably transitioned from a civil and political rights tribunal to one tha